Ku Mphamvu Yathanzi Britain kunalibe kuchepa kwa ntchito ya anthu. Ogwira ntchito osauka S Akazi A Vigrants adasamukira kumizinda yambiri pakufunafuna ntchito, kudikirira ntchito. Monga mudziwira, pakakhala ntchito yambiri, malipiro ndi otsika. Chifukwa chake mafakitale adalibe vuto la kuchepa kwa ntchito kapena ndalama zambiri. Sankafuna kuyambitsa makina omwe adachotsa ntchito ya anthu ndipo amafunikira ndalama zambiri.
M’masika ambiri omwe amagwira ntchito anali nyengo. Mafuta amagwira ntchito ndipo machesi anali otanganidwa kwambiri m’miyezi yozizira. Chifukwa chake amafunikira antchito ambiri kuti akwaniritse zofunika. Mabungwe ndi osindikiza, kuphatikiza kwa Khrisimasi akufunika, amafunikiranso manja owonjezera asanafike Disembala. Kumadzi, nthawi yozizira inali nthawi yomwe sitimayo idakonzedwa ndikuyamba. M’mafakitale onse omwe amasinthana ndi nyengo, nthawi zambiri mafakitale amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito manja, kugwiritsa ntchito antchito kanthawi
Zinthu zingapo zitha kupangidwa ndi ntchito ya manja. Makinawa anali osokonekera kuti atulutse yunifolomu, katundu wofanana ndi msika waukulu. Koma zomwe amafuna pamsika nthawi zambiri zinali zopangira katundu ndi mawonekedwe opanga komanso mawonekedwe apadera. Pakati pazaka za zana la chisanu ndi chinayi, a ku Britain, mitundu 500 mitundu ya nyundo ija idapangidwa ndi mitundu 45 ya nkhwangwa. Izi zimafunikira luso laumunthu, osati ukadaulo wamakina. Ku Flitain Britain, makalasi apamwamba – atsogoleri ndi Bourgeoiiiiie – amakonda zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi manja. Zogulitsa m’manja zimabwera kudzaimira kukonza ndi kalasi. Iwo anali bwino atamaliza, amapanga, ndi kulekani zinthu mosamala. Katundu wopangidwa ndi makina anali kutumiza kunja kumadera. M’mayiko omwe anali ndi vuto la ntchito, akatswiri akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakina kuti kufunikira kwa anthu kukhale kochepa. Izi zinali choncho ku America khumi ndi zinayi. Komabe, Britain inalibe vuto lokha nkhawa manja. 2.1 Moyo wa ogwira ntchito kuchuluka kwa ntchito pamsika kunakhudza miyoyo ya ogwira ntchito. Monga nkhani za ntchito zomwe zingatheke zidayenda kumidzi, mazana amayendera mizinda. Kuthekera kwenikweni kuti athe kugwirira ntchito kumadalira ndalama zomwe zilipo paubwenzi ndi kucheza. Mukadakhala ndi wachibale kapena mnzanu mufakitale, mutha kupeza ntchito mwachangu. Koma si aliyense amene anali kulumikizana pagulu. Ofuna ambiri amayenera kudikirira milungu, kuwononga mausiku pansi m’mabwalo kapena usiku
malo okhala. Ena amakhala usiku usiku womwe umakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu wamba; Ena adapita ku madoles wamba omwe amasungidwa olamulira. Kupanga kwa ntchito m’mafakitale ambiri kumatanthauza nthawi yayitali popanda ntchito. Nyengo yotanganidwa idatha, osauka anali m’misewu. Ena adabwerera kumidzi itatha, ndikamagwira ntchito kumidzi idatsegulidwa m’malo. Koma ambiri ankayang’ana ntchito zosamveka, zomwe mpaka mpaka zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi zinayi zinali zovuta kupeza. Malipiro adachulukana kwina koyambirira kwa zaka za m’ma 1800. Koma amatiuza zochepa za moyo wa ogwira ntchito. Zithunzi zapamwamba zimabisala pakati pa malonda ndi kusinthasintha chaka ndi chaka. Mwachitsanzo, mitengo ikaponya kwambiri nkhondo yayitali kwambiri ipoleonic, ndiyofunika kwambiri yomwe malipiro omwewo tsopano agulira zinthu zochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama za ogwira ntchito zimadalira ndalama zokhazokha. Chomwe chinali chofunikira kwambiri nthawi yantchito: Chiwerengero cha masiku a ntchito yopezera ndalama zapakati pa tsiku ndi tsiku za ogwira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri mpaka zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, anthu pafupifupi 10 peresenti anali osauka kwambiri. M’nthawi yazachuma, monga momwe 1830s, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kumapita ku chilichonse pakati pa 35 ndi 75 peresenti m’malo osiyanasiyana. Kuopa kusowa kwa ntchito kumapangitsa ogwira ntchito kukadalitsa ukadaulo watsopano. Pamene Jenny adayambitsidwa
Makampani omasuka, azimayi omwe adapulumuka pa zotuluka m’manja adayamba kuukira makina atsopanowo. Kutsutsana kumeneku kumayambiriro kwa a Jenny kunapitilira kwa nthawi yayitali. Pambuyo pa 1840s, ntchito yomanga ikukulira m’mizinda, ikutsegulira mwayi waukulu pantchito. Misewu idakulirakulira, malo atsopano a sitima yatsopano idabwera, mizere ya njanji ya sitimayi idatalika, zikwangwani zakumwa, ngalande ndi zimbudzi zozikidwa. Chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa njinga zowonjezera mu 1840s, ndipo adawiritsanso zaka 30 pambuyo pake.
Language: Chichewa