Paulamuliro wa atoni, moyo wa abusa adasintha kwambiri. Malo awo odyetserako ovala bwino asokonekera, mayendedwe awo adayendetsedwa, ndipo ndalamayo adalipira. Mitundu yawo yaulimi idatha ndipo mabizinesi awo adakhudzidwa. Bwanji?
Choyamba, boma limafuna kusintha mayiko onse omwe amadyetsedwa. Ngongole yapamwamba inali imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za ndalama zake. Pokulitsa kulimidwa payomwe kumatha kuwonjezera ndalama zake. Zitha kukhala nthawi yomweyo zimatulutsa jute, thonje, tirigu ndi zokolola zina zomwe zimafunikira ku England. Kwa oyang’anira am’munda onse osakhudzidwa amawoneka kuti ndi osabereka: Sanabalale kapena kubala zipatso. Zinawoneka kuti ‘malo owotcha’ dziko ‘lomwe limafunikira kuti lizikula. Kuyambira zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, malamulo amoto awonongeka adapangidwa m’malo osiyanasiyana a dzikolo. Mwa malamulo awa osaneneka adatengedwa ndikupatsidwa kusankha anthu pawokha. Anthu awa adavomerezedwa kuti athetsere mayiko awa. Ena mwa iwo adapangidwira atsogoleri a midzi m’madera omwe adayeretsedwa kumene. M’madera ambiri madera omwe adatengedwa anali matrakiti omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse ndi a Josea. Chifukwa chake kukulitsa kwa kulima kosatheka kusokonekera kwa msipu ndi vuto la abusa.
Chachiwiri, pofika zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, m’nkhalango zosiyanasiyana zidapangidwanso m’magawo osiyanasiyana. Kudzera mwa izi nkhalango zina zomwe zidapanga matabwa amtengo wapatali monga deodar kapena sali adalengezedwa ‘. Palibe akatswiri a nthawi yomwe adaloledwa kulowa m’nkhalango izi. Nkhalango zina zidalembedwa kuti ‘zotetezedwa’. M’mawu awa, ufulu wina wokhathamira wa abusa adavomerezedwa koma mayendedwe awo anali oletsedwa. Akuluakulu akukhulupirira kuti kudya kwawowo adawononga zipwala ndi mphukira zazing’ono za mitengo yomwe zidamera pansi. Gululo linapondereza zipsings ndipo anakanga mphukira. Izi zidalepheretsa mitengo yatsopano kukula.
Nkhalangoyi idasintha miyoyo ya abusa. Tsopano adaletsedwa kuti asalowe m’nkhalango zambiri zomwe zidathandizira ng’ombe zawo zamtengo wapatali. Ngakhale m’malo omwe adaloledwa kulowa, mayendedwe awo adakhazikitsidwa. Amafunikira chilolezo cholowera. Nthawi yolowera ndi kunyamuka inali
Gwero C
H.s. Gibson, Wachiwiritsa Amatenga Ngwa nkhalango, wokondedwa, analemba mu 1913; … nkhalango zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakudya sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zina ndipo sizitha kupereka matabwa komanso mafuta, omwe ndi nkhalango yayikulu yovomerezeka
Mulimo
Lembani ndemanga pa kutsekedwa kwazomwezo kuti zitheke:
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➤ adani
Mawu atsopano
Ufulu wamakhalidwe – ufulu womwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mwambo ndi mwambo womwe wafotokozedwayo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa masiku omwe angagwiritse ntchito m’nkhalango kunali kochepa. Abusa sangathenso kukhalabe m’dera ngakhale atatsala pang’ono kupezeka, udzuwo unali wabwino komanso wosweka m’nkhalangowo unali wokwanira. Anayenera kusuntha chifukwa mzakagodi womwe unaperekedwa womwe waperekedwa kwa iwo tsopano atalamulira miyoyo yawo. Chilolezocho chinafotokozera nthawi yomwe amatha kukhala mwalamulo mkati mwa nkhalango. Ngati aposa omwe anali ndi vuto loti athe.
Chachitatu, akuluakulu aku Britain anali okayikira anthu osamukakabwa. Amayang’anitsitsa amisiri ndi amalonda omwe adalimbikitsa katundu wawo m’midzi, ndipo abusa omwe adasintha malo awo nyengo iliyonse, bungwe latsamunda linkafuna kulamulira anthu okwanira. Amafuna kuti anthu akumidzi azikhala m’midzi kuti azikhala m’midzi, m’malo okhazikika ndi ufulu wokhazikika paminda inayake. Anthu oterewa anali osavuta kudziwa ndi kuwongolera. Iwo omwe adakhazikika adawonedwa ngati amtendere ndi omvera malamulo; Iwo omwe anali osankhidwa amawerengedwa kuti ndiwachimwa. Mu 1871, boma ku India linadutsa mafuko achifwamba. Mwa ichi ndi madera ambiri a amisiri, amalonda ndi abusa adatchulidwa kuti ndi mafuko. Adanenedwa kuti ali wolakwa mwachilengedwe komanso kubadwa. Kafukufukuyu akanayamba kugwira ntchito, anthuwa amayembekezeredwa kukhala ndi moyo wodziwitsa zamudzi. Sanaloledwe kutuluka popanda chilolezo. Apolisi a m’mudzimo anali osawayang’anira.
Chachinayi, kukulitsa ndalama zake zonse, boma lake la atsamunda limayang’ananso msonkho uliwonse. Chifukwa chake msonkho udakhazikitsidwa pamtunda, pamadzi amchere, mchere, zinthu zamalonda, komanso ngakhale zinyama. Abusawo anayenera kulipira msonkho pa nyama iliyonse yomwe anadya pa msipu. M’makomo ambiri a ku India, msonkho wodyetsa unayambitsidwa mu zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Misonkho pamutu wa ittle idakwera mwachangu ndipo kachitidwe kazinthu zomwe zidapangidwa mopepuka. M’zaka makumi angapo pakati pa 1850 ndi 1880s ufulu wotola msonkho adagulitsidwa kwa makontrakita. Makontrakitala awa adayesa kutulutsa msonkho chifukwa amatha kubwezeretsa ndalama zomwe adalipira kuti agwirizane ndi kupeza phindu lochuluka ngati ey itha chaka. Pofika m’ma 1880s boma linayamba misonkho mwachindunji kuchokera kwa abusawo. Iliyonse aiwo ngakhale pachitika. Kuti mulowe thirakiti lodyetsa, kugunda kwa ng’ombe kumayenera kuwonetsa ndikulipira msonkho wa mitu ya ng’ombe omwe anali nawo komanso kuchuluka – ue adalipira adayikidwa pampando.
Source D
Mu 1920s, ntchito yachifumu ku ulimi inati:
‘Kuchuluka kwa malo odyetsa msipu watsika kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa malo omwe akulima chifukwa chokwanira kuthira madzi, mwachitsanzo, chitetezo chaboma ndi mafakitalire a ulimi. [Tsopano obereketsa] zimakuvutani kuti zikhale zovuta kukweza ng’ombe zikuluzikulu. Chifukwa chake kupeza ndalama kwatsika. Ubwino wa ziweto zawo zayamba kufooketsa, miyezo yodya zakudya yatsika ndi ngongole yake. ‘”Lipoti la Royal Commissiction of the Ulimi ku India, 1928.
Mulimo
Ingoganizirani kuti mukukhala mu 1890s. Ndinu m’gulu la anthu osasunthika. Mumaphunzira kuti boma lanena kuti dera lanu ndi fuko lako.
– Fotokozani mwachidule zomwe mukadamva.
Pempho la Ocheza ndi Omwe Akufuna Kuchita Kuchita Zoipa Komanso
Zidzakhudza moyo wanu. Language: Chichewa