Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, uninzi lwabantu bakaRussia lwalungamayeza ezolimo. Malunga neepesenti ezingama-85 zabantu baseRussia bafumana impilo yabo kwizolimo. Le nxalenye yayingaphezulu kunamazwe amaninzi aseYurophu. Umzekelo, eFrance naseJamani umlinganiso wawuphakathi kweepesenti ezingama-40 kunye neepesenti ezingama-50. KuBukhosi, abalimi abaveliswayo kwimakethi kunye neemfuno zabo kunye neRussia yayingumntu ophambili kwinkozo.
Ishishini lafunyanwa ezipokothweni. Iindawo ezidumileyo zeshishini yayinguSt Petersburg naseMoscow. Iingcibi zezabambisa imveliso, kodwa iifektri ezinkulu zazikhona ecaleni koomasifundisane bobugcisa. Iifektri ezininzi zamiselwa nge-1890s, xa inethiwekhi kaloliwe yaseRussia yandiswa, kwaye utyalomali lwangaphandle kumzi mveliso lunyukile. Imveliso yamalahle iphindwe kabini kunye nentsimbi kunye ne-queltupd. Ngeminyaka yee-1900s, kwezinye iindawo abasebenzi befektri kunye neengcibi beziphantse balingane ngenani.
Uninzi lweshishini yayiyipropathi yabucala yabasebenzi. Urhulumente wongamela imicimbi emikhulu yokuqinisekisa umvuzo omncinci kunye neeyure ezinqongopheleyo zomsebenzi. Kodwa abahloli bomzi-mveliso abakwazi ukuthintela imithetho eyaphukileyo. Kwiiyunithi ze-craft kunye neendibano zocweyo ezincinci, usuku lokusebenza lwalunzima iiyure ezili-15, uthelekiswa neeyure ezili-10 okanye ezili-12 kwiifektri. Indawo yokuhlala eyahlukileyo kumagumbi kwi-dormities.
Abasebenzi babeliqela lentlalontle elahluleleneyo. Abanye babenekhonkco elinamandla kunye neelali apho bafika khona. Abanye baye bazilungisa kwizixeko ngokusisigxina. Abasebenzi bahlulwa ngesakhono. Umsebenzi wesinyithi waseSt. Imisebenzi yabo ifuna uqeqesho olungaphezulu kunye nobuchule … Abasetyhini benza ipesenti ezingama-31 yamandla abasebenzi bezamashishini ngo-1914, kodwa bahlawulwa ngaphantsi kwamadoda (phakathi kweekota ezintathu zomvuzo). Ukwahlulahlulwa phakathi kwabasebenzi kubonwenise ukuba banxibe kunye nembeko. Abanye abasebenzi babumba imibuthondela yokunceda amalungu ngamaxesha okungaqeshwa okanye ubunzima bemali kodwa ubudlelwane obunjalo babembalwa.
Ngaphandle kwesahlulo, abasebenzi bangenzi simanyene ukuze babethe umsebenzi (skamisa umsebenzi) xa bengavumelani malunga nokugxothwa okanye iimeko zomsebenzi. Ezi ndawo zithatyathwa ziye zenzeka rhoqo kwishishini lendwangu ngo-1896-1897, nakwimizi-mveliso yentsimbi ngo-1902.
Emaphandleni, abahlali balihlakulela uninzi lwelizwe. Kodwa ubukhulu, isithsaba kunye neCawa yeOrthodox enepropathi enkulu. Njengabasebenzi, abalingane bahlulwa. Babeziinkolo ze-Alsod. Kodwa ngaphandle kweemeko ezimbalwa abazihloniphi ubungangamsha. Iingangamsha zinamandla kunye nesikhundla sazo kwiinkonzo zabo kwi-Tsar, hayi ngokusebenzisa ukuthandwa kwendawo. Oku kwakungafani neFrance apho, ngexesha lolunye uguquko lwaseBrittany, abaqhelekileyo babahlonitshwayo kwaye balwa kubo. ERussia, abalingane bafuna umhlaba weenkomfa uza kunikwa. Rhoqo, bayala ukuhlawula irente kwaye bade babulawe. Ngo-1902, oku kwenzeke kwinqanaba elikhulu kwiRussia yaseMzantsi Afrika. Kwaye ngo-1905, ezo ziganeko zenze yonke iRussia.
Abalingane baseRussia babehlukile kwezinye iindlela zaseYurophu ngenye indlela. Bayiphangalalisa ilizwe labo ngamaxesha ngamaxesha kunye nomnxibelelanisi wabo (i-wit) wahlulahlula ngokweemfuno zeentsapho ezizodwa.
Language: Xhosa