Kwa zaka zambiri, silika ndi zonunkhira kuchokera ku China zimatuluka ku Europe kudzera munjira ya silika. M’zaka za zana la 11, pepala lachi China linafika ku Europe kudzera njira yomweyo. Pepala linathetsedwa kupanga zolemba pamanja, kulembedwa ndi alembi. Kenako, mu 1295, Marco Polo, wotchuka kwambiri, adabwerako ku Italy zaka zambiri zofufuza ku China. Mukamawerenga pamwambapa, China kale anali kale ndi ukadaulo wamalonda wosindikiza, Marco Polo adabweranso ndi Iye. Tsopano anthu aku Italiya adayamba kupanga mabuku ndi matabwa, ndipo posakhalitsa ukadaulo umafalikira kumadera ena ku Europe. Makina apamwamba anali olembedwa pamanja okwera mtengo kwambiri, omwe amatanthauza mabwalo ozungulira ndi malaiburashi olemera omwe adanyoza mabuku osindikizidwa kuti ndi osindikizidwa. Ogulitsa ndi ophunzira aku Universi aku Universi aku Universion adagula zotsika mtengo.
Pamene kufunikira kwa mabuku kukuwonjezeka, olemba mabuku ku Europe omwe adayamba kutumiza mabuku kumayiko ambiri osiyanasiyana. Mafayilo a Mabuku amachitikira m’malo osiyanasiyana. Kupanga zolemba pamanja zolembedwa pamanja kunakonzedwanso m’njira zatsopano zokumana ndi zomwe akutha. Alembi kapena aluso aluso sanagwiritse ntchito ndalama zongogwira ntchito kapena zotchuka kapena zotchuka koma olemba mabuku. Olemba zoposa 50 nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito yofalitsa buku limodzi.
Koma kupanga zolembedwa pamanja zolembedwa pamanja sikungakwaniritse kufunikira kowonjezereka kwa mabuku. Kukopera inali bizinesi yokwera mtengo komanso yotopetsa komanso yopanda nthawi. Zolemba pamanja zinali zosalimba, zovuta kuzisamalira, ndipo sizimatha kunyamulidwa kapena kuwerenga mosavuta. Chifukwa chake magawano awodzaza. Ndi kufunikira kokulira kwa mabuku, kusindikiza mapulasitikiza kwambiri pang’onopang’ono kunayamba kutchuka kwambiri. Pofika zaka za m’ma 1800, matabwa anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Europe kukasindikiza zolemba, kusewera makadi, komanso zithunzi zachipembedzo ndi zolemba zosavuta, zazifupi.
Panali bwino kwambiri kuti ngakhale zolemba zachangu komanso zotsika mtengo. Izi zitha kukhala ndikungopangidwa ndi ukadaulo watsopano wosindikiza. Kupambana kwa Strasbourg, Germany, komwe Johann Gutenberg adapanga makina osindikizidwa ofiira mu 1430s
Language: Chichewa