Kudzera mwa khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zopezeka kumadera ambiri ku Europe. Matchalitchi osiyanasiyana amakhazikitsa masukulu m’midzi, amakhala ndi maphunziro ophunzirira achinyamata komanso amisala. Pakutha kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, m’malo ena a mitengo ya ku Europe inali yokwera kwambiri ngati 60 mpaka 80 peresenti. Monga kuwerenga ndi masukulu omwe amafalikira ku maiko aku Europe, panali makanda enieni. Anthu anafuna kuti mabuku awerenge ndi osindikiza polosera amapanga mabuku ambiri
Mafomu atsopano a mabuku otchuka adawonekera kusindikizidwa, kuwongolera omvera atsopano. Otsatsa mabuku omwe amagwiritsa ntchito odumphira omwe ankayenda m’midzi, ndikunyamula mabuku ogulitsa. Panali ma almanacs kapena maakalendala, limodzi ndi ma ballads ndi ma menseltageles. Koma mitundu ina ya kuwerenga nkhaniyo, makamaka pa zosangalatsa, inayamba kufika kwa owerenga wamba. Ku England, Penny malembawo adanyamulidwa ndi zopindika zazing’ono zomwe amadziwika kuti ndi actymenmenmenmen, ndikugulitsa ndalama, kuti ngakhale osauka akhoza kuwagula. Ku France, anali “a Bilootaque”, yomwe inali mabuku ang’onoang’ono ochepa osindikizidwa pa pepala labwino, ndipo limamangidwa mumiyala yotsika mtengo. Ndipo panali zachikondi, zosindikizidwa pamasamba anayi mpaka asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo mbiri yayikulu kwambiri “yomwe inali nkhani zakale. Mabuku anali osiyanasiyana, akupereka zolinga ndi zofuna zambiri.
Opanikizira osindikizidwa azaka zoyambirira za m’ma 1800, kuphatikiza chidziwitso pazinthu zomwe zili ndi zosangalatsa pano. Manyuzipepala ndi m’magazini adatenga chidziwitso pa nkhondo ndi malonda, komanso nkhani za zochitika m’malo ena.
Mofananamo, malingaliro a asayansi ndi anzeru tsopano adafikiridwa kwambiri kwa anthu wamba. Zolemba zakale ndi zasayansi zakale zidapangidwa ndipo zimasindikizidwa, ndipo mamapu ndi zithunzi za sayansi zidasindikizidwa kwambiri. Pamene asayansi a Isaac Newton adayamba kufalitsa zomwe adapeza, amatha kusintha zowerengera zambiri za owerenga sayansi. Zolemba za oganiza monga Thomas ululu, Voltaire ndi Jean Jacques Rousseau adasindikizidwa kwambiri ndikuwerenga. Chifukwa chake malingaliro awo pa sayansi, chifukwa ndi mbiri yawo idapezekanso m’mabuku otchuka.
Language: Chichewa