Binyuze mu myaka cumi n’irindwi na cumi n’umunani igipimo cyo gusoma no kwandika cyazamutse mu bice byinshi by’Uburayi. Amatorero yo mu madini atandukanye yashyizeho amashuri mu midugudu, atwara gusoma no kwandika abahinzi n’abanyabukorikori. Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya cumi n’umunani, mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’Uburayi Ibiciro byo gusoma no kwandika byari byinshi nka 60 kugeza 80 ku ijana. Nkuko gusoma no kwandika no mumashuri byakwira mu bihugu byu Burayi, hari mania isanzwe. Abantu bifuzaga ko ibitabo byo gusoma no kucana byatanze ibitabo mubihe byigihe kirekire
Uburyo bushya bwibitabo buzwi byagaragaye mu icapiro, bibasira abantu bashya. Abakozi bakoresheje abatedlars bazengurutse imidugudu, bitwaje ibitabo bito bigurishwa. Hariho umuyoboro cyangwa umuhango, hamwe na ballads na folktales. Ariko ubundi buryo bwo gusoma ibintu, ahanini nimyidagaduro, yatangiye kugera kubasomyi basanzwe. Mu Bwongereza, igice cy’agace cyagabweho abasedlars bito kazwi nka bambara, bagurisha igiceri, kugirango abakene bashobore kubigura. Mu Bufaransa, hari indaya ya “biliotheque”, yari ibitabo bito byiciro byo gucapishijwe ku mpapuro nziza, kandi ibohesha ibifuniko bihendutse. Noneho hariho urukundo, rwacapwe kumpapuro enye kugeza kuri esheshatu, namateka akomeye ‘ari inkuru zijyanye na kahise. Ibitabo byari bifite ubunini butandukanye, bukorera intego ninyungu nyinshi zitandukanye.
Ibinyamakuru byigihe cyaturutse mu kinyejana cya cumi n’umunani, no guhuza amakuru ajyanye n’imyidagaduro. Ibinyamakuru nibinyamakuru bitwaje amakuru kubyerekeye intambara nubucuruzi, hamwe namakuru yiterambere ahandi.
Mu buryo nk’ubwo, ibitekerezo by’abahanga n’abafilozofe ubu byagaragaye cyane ku baturage basanzwe. Ibyanditswe muri siyansi ya kera kandi byo hagati byateguwe kandi bitangazwa, n’amakarita n’ibishushanyo bya siyansi byari byacapwe cyane. Iyo abahanga nka Isaac Newton batangiye gutangaza ibyo bavumbuye, bashoboraga kugira ingaruka kumuntu munini wa basomyi batekereza mubuhanga. Inyandiko z’abatekereza nka Thomas irangi, Voltaire na Jean Jacques Rousseau baracapishijwe cyane basoma. Rero ibitekerezo byabo bijyanye na siyansi, impamvu no gushyira mu gaciro byabonye inzira zabo mubitabo bizwi.
Language: Rwandi