Icyitegererezo cy’igihugu cyangwa igihugu, intiti zimwe na zimwe zavuze, ni Ubwongereza. Mu Bwongereza gushiraho igihugu-leta ntabwo ari ibisubizo byuko imvura itunguranye cyangwa impinduramatwara. Byari ibisubizo byigihe kirekire. Nta gihugu cy’Ubwongereza cyari kigeze mu kinyejana cya cumi n’umunani. Indangamuntu yibanze yabantu batuye ibirwa byubwongereza bari ubwoko – nk’icyongereza, Welsh, Scot cyangwa Irilande. Izi moko yose yari ifite imigenzo yabo yumuco na politiki. Ariko nkuko ishyanga ryicyongereza byakuze mubutunzi, akamaro n’imbaraga, byashoboye kwagura ingaruka zayo ku yandi mahanga y’ibirwa. Inteko ishinga amategeko y’icyongereza, yari yarafashe imbaraga mu Bwami mu 1688 irangiye, ni igikoresho cyaciwe n’igihugu, n’ubwongereza hagati yacyo, cyaje guhorwa. Igikorwa cy’ubumwe (1707) hagati y’Ubwongereza na Scotland byatumye ‘Ubwongereza bw’Ubwongereza bw’Ubwongereza’ bwasobanuraga ko, ko Ubwongereza bwashoboye gutanga ingaruka zayo muri otcosse. Inteko ishinga amategeko y’Ubwongereza ubu yiganjemo abanyamuryango bayo b’Abongereza. Ubwiyongere bw’Indangamuntu y’Ubwongereza bwasobanuraga ko umuco utandukanye wa Scotland na Politiki wahagaritswe kuri gahunda. Imiryango Gatolika ituye imisozi ya Scottish yagize ikibazo giteye ubwoba igihe cyose bagerageje gushimangira ubwigenge. Highland Highland yabujijwe kuvuga ururimi rwabo cyangwa kwambara imyenda y’igihugu, kandi umubare munini wavanywe ku gahato mu gihugu cyabo.
Irlande yagize ibyago bisa. Byari igihugu kigabanywa cyane hagati abagatolika n’abaporotesitanti. Icyongereza cyafashije abaporotesitanti muri Irilande gushyiraho ubutware bwabo ku gihugu cya Gatolika. Kwigomeka kw’Abagatolika ku masezerano y’Ubwongereza byahagaritswe. Nyuma yo kwigomeka kunanirwa kuyoborwa na wolfe na Irlande (1798), muri Irilande byashyizwe ku gahato mu Bwongereza mu 1801. Igihugu cy’Ubwongereza ‘cyahimbwe mu gukwirakwiza umuco w’icyongereza wiganje. Ibimenyetso by’Ubwongereza – Ibendera ry’Ubwongereza (Ubumwe Jack), indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu (Imana yazamuye umwami w’agaciro), ururimi rw’icyongereza – rwamamajwe cyane kandi ibihugu byakuze byarokowe gusa nk’abafatanyabikorwa bayobowe muri ubu bumwe.
Language: Rwandi