Muri Ubwongereza bw’Ubwongereza ntiwabuze imirimo y’abantu. Abakene brasants fun abrents bimukiye mu mijyi ari benshi bashaka akazi, bategereje akazi. Nkuko uzabimenya, mugihe hari imirimo myinshi, umushahara uri hasi. Abaterankunga rero nta kibazo bari bafite cyo kubura akazi cyangwa amafaranga menshi. Ntibashakaga kumenyekanisha imashini zakuyeho imirimo y’abantu kandi zisabwa ishoramari rinini.
Mu nganda nyinshi icyifuzo cyarimo ni ibihe. Imirimo ya gazi na Inkomoko bahuye cyane cyane mumezi akonje. Bakeneye rero abakozi bakuru kugirango bahuze ibyifuzo byabo. Igitabo na printer, kugaburira icyifuzo cya Noheri, birakenewe amaboko yinyongera mbere Ukuboza. Ku mazi, igihe cy’itumba cyari igihe amato yasanwe kandi arakomera. Muri iyo nganda zose aho umusaruro uhindagurika hamwe na shampiyona, ubusanzwe bakunze gukora imirimo, gukoresha abakozi muri shampiyona
Ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byashoboraga kwezwa gusa n’imirimo y’intoki. Imashini zari zerekezaga kubyara imyenda, ibicuruzwa bisanzwe ku isoko rusange. Ariko icyifuzo ku isoko cyakunze gukoreshwa nibishushanyo mbonera nibishusho byihariye. Hagati mu Bwo mu kinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda, nk’urugero, ubwoko 500 bw’urugomo, ubwoko 45 by’ishoka. Ibi bisabwa ubuhanga bwabantu, ntabwo ikoranabuhanga rya mashini. Muri Ubwongereza bwa Victorian, amasomo yo hejuru – Abanyaristokarasi na Bourgeoisie – Ibintu Byatoranijwe byakozwe n’intoki. Ibicuruzwa byakozwe n’intoki byaje kugereranya kunonosora no mu ishuri. Byarangiye neza, byakozwe kugiti cyabo, kandi byararemewe. Ibicuruzwa byashyizwe ahagaragara byari byoherezwa mu mahanga. Mu bihugu bifite ikibazo cyo kubura imirimo, byashishikajwe no gukoresha imbaraga za mashini kugirango hakurikize imirimo y’abantu ishobora kugabanywa. Uku niko byagenze muri Amerika yo mu kinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda. Ubwongereza, nta kibazo yari afite cyo guha akazi amaboko. 2.1 Ubuzima bw’abakozi Imirimo myinshi ku isoko byagize ingaruka ku mibereho y’abakozi. Nk’uko amakuru y’imirimo ishoboka yagiye mu cyaro, amagana yakubise imigi. Ibishoboka byose byo kubona akazi byaterwaga n’imiyoboro iriho yubucuti nubusabane bwa Kin. Niba ufite umuvandimwe cyangwa inshuti muruganda, birashoboka cyane ko wabona akazi vuba. Ariko ntabwo abantu bose bari bafite imibereho. Abakozi benshi babasabye bagomba gutegereza ibyumweru, bamara ijoro munsi yikiraro cyangwa nijoro
ubuhungiro. Bamwe bagumye mu ijoro ryose ryashyizweho n’abantu ku giti cyabo; Abandi bagiye ku mbuga zisanzwe zakomeje n’abayobozi b’amategeko bakennye. Ibihe byakazi mu nganda nyinshi bivuze igihe kirekire udafite akazi. Igihe cyahuze kirangiye, abakene bongeye kumuhanda. Bamwe basubiye mu cyaro nyuma y’itumba, iyo icyifuzo cyakazi mu cyaro cyakinguye ahantu. Ariko benshi bashakishaga imirimo idasanzwe, kugeza igihe hagati yikinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda byari bigoye kubona. Umushahara wongereye muburyo runaka mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda. Ariko baratubwira bike kubyerekeye imibereho myiza y’abakozi. Impuzandengo yimibare ihishe itandukaniro hagati yubucuruzi no guhindagurika uko umwaka utashye. Kurugero, iyo ibiciro byahagurukiye intambara ndende ya Napoleonic, agaciro nyako kwoba abakozi binjijwe byaguye cyane, kubera ko umushahara umwe ushobora kugura ibintu bike. Byongeye kandi, amafaranga yinjira mu bipimo ku mushahara wenyine. Ikindi na kimwe nacyo cyari gikomeye ni igihe cy’akazi: iminsi y’akazi yagennye impuzandengo y’abakozi buri munsi. Mu bihe byiza kugeza mu kinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda, abagera ku 10 ku ijana by’abaturage bo mu mijyi bari abakene cyane. Mubihe byubukungu, kimwe na 1830, igipimo cyabashomeri cyazamutseho kimwe kiri hagati ya 35 na 75 ku ijana mu turere dutandukanye. Gutinya ubushomeri byatumye abakozi banga gutangiza ikoranabuhanga rishya. Iyo kuzunguruka Jenny byatangijwe muri
Inganda zuburyo, abagore barokotse bazunguruka batangiye gutera imashini nshya. Aya makimbirane kubera intangiriro ya Jenny yakomeje igihe kirekire. Nyuma ya 1840, ibikorwa byo kubaka byiyongera mumijyi, gufungura amahirwe menshi y’akazi. Imihanda yamenetse, imirongo mishya ya gari ya moshi yazamutse, imirongo ya gari ya moshi yaguye, tunnels yacungutse, tunnels yacungutse, tunnels yacukuwe, imiyoboro n’imyanda, inzuzi zarahagaritswe. Umubare w’abakozi bakoreshwa mu nganda zo gutwara kabiri kabiri mu myaka ya 1840, hanyuma wongere wikubye kabiri mu myaka 30 ishize.
Language: Rwandi