Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya makumyabiri, umubare munini w’abarusiya bari abahinzi. Abagera kuri 85 ku ijana by’abaturage b’amazu y’Abarusiya babonye imibereho yabo mu buhinzi. Ubu buringanire bwari hejuru cyane mu bihugu byinshi by’Uburayi. Kurugero, mu Bufaransa no mu Budage igipimo cyari hagati ya 40 ku ijana na 50%. Mu Ingoma, abahinzi bakorewe ku isoko kimwe no ku byo bakeneye kandi Uburusiya bwari bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga.
Inganda zabonetse mu mufuka. Ahantu hagaragara ingamba za St Petersburg na Moscou. Abanyabukorikori bakoze byinshi mu buryo bwo gukora, ariko inganda nini zabayeho hamwe nakazi ka by’ubukorikori. Inganda nyinshi zashyizweho mu myaka ya 1890, igihe ya gari ya moshi ya mu Burusiya yangerewe, kandi ishoramari ry’amahanga mu nganda ryiyongereye. Umusaruro w’amakara wikubye kabiri na fer na steel ibisohoka bya kane. Kugeza ku ya 1900, mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’abakozi bo mu ruganda n’abanyabukorikori bari bangana mu mubare.
Inganda nyinshi zari umutungo bwite wa Inganda. Guverinoma yagenzuraga inganda nini kugira ngo umushahara muto n’umunsi muto w’akazi. Ariko abagenzuzi b’uruganda ntibashobora gukumira amategeko avunika. Mu bice by’ubukorikori n’amahugurwa mato, umunsi w’akazi wasangaga amasaha 15, ugereranije n’amasaha 10 cyangwa 12 mu nganda. Amacumbi yaratandukanye mubyumba kuri dortom.
Abakozi bari itsinda ryimibereho. Bamwe bari bafite amahuza akomeye hamwe nimidugudu baza. Abandi bari baratuye mu migi iteka ryose. Abakozi batagabanijwe nubuhanga. Umunyamahane wa St. Petersburg yibutse ati: ‘Abakora ibyuma bifata ubwabo mu bakozi. Umwuga wabo wasabye amahugurwa menshi n’ubuhanga … Abagore bagize 31 ku ijana by’ingabo z’abakozi mu 1914, ariko bahembwaga munsi y’abantu (hagati y’ibice bitatu by’umushahara w’umugabo). Amacakubiri mu bakozi yeretse mu myambarire n’imyitwarire. Bamwe mu bakozi bashinze amashyirahamwe kugira ngo bafashe abanyamuryango mugihe cy’ubushomeri cyangwa ingorane z’amafaranga ariko ayo mashyirahamwe yari make.
Nubwo amacakubiri, abakozi bashyize hamwe batera akazi (guhagarika akazi) iyo batumviye abakoresha kubyerekeye kwirukana cyangwa ku kazi. Iyi myigaragambyo yabaye kenshi mu nganda zimbuto mu 1896-1897, no mu nganda z’icyuma mu 1902.
Mu cyaro, abahinzi bahinze cyane igihugu. Ariko abanyacyubahiro, ikamba n’uko Itorero rya orotori ryagize imitungo minini. Kimwe n’abakozi, abahinzi na bo baracitsemo ibice. Bari abanyamadini ba Alsodeply. Ariko usibye mubihe bike ntabwo byubashye abanyacyubahiro bisharira. Abanyacyubahiro babonye imbaraga nishira binyuze mubikorwa byabo kuri tsar, ntabwo binyuze mubyamamare byaho. Ibi ntibyari bitandukanye n’Ubufaransa aho, mu mpinduramatwara y’Ubufaransa muri Brittany, Abahinzi b’abanyacyubahiro barabarwanira. Mu Burusiya, abahinzi bashakaga ko igihugu cy’abanyacyubahiro bahabwa. Kenshi na kenshi, banze kwishyura ubukode ndetse bakica nyirinzu. Mu 1902, ibi byabaye ku gipimo kinini mu Burusiya bw’Amajyepfo. Kandi mu 1905, ibintu nk’ibi byabereye mu Burusiya.
Abahinzi bo mu Burusiya batandukanye nabandi bahinzi b’i Burayi mu bundi buryo. Bahutse mu gihugu cyabo na komini yabo (Ubwenge) bagabanije ukurikije ibyo imiryango ku giti cye ikenewe.
Language: Rwandi